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The blog of the Wilson Center's Environmental Change and Security Program
  • Friday Podcasts

    Exhausting the Planet: Jonathan Foley on Balancing Food Security With Environmental Sustainability

    October 31, 2014 By Heather Randall
    foley_small “We’re living in a time of unprecedented change,” says Jonathan Foley, executive director of the California Academy of Sciences.

    “We’re living in a time of unprecedented change,” says Jonathan Foley, executive director of the California Academy of Sciences.

    “Just in the last 50 years, our population itself has more than doubled in size, the economy grew about seven-fold during the same time, and the combination of those two…has led to about a tripling of global food consumption and water consumption and a quadrupling of fossil fuel combustion.”

    Such rapid growth poses major challenges for meeting food demands in a way that sustains natural resources for future generations, says Foley in this week’s podcast.

    Running Out

    “Agriculture is by far the biggest thing we do in the world, in terms of land area,” Foley says. Farmland takes up between 30 and 40 percent of all land on Earth. “By comparison, about one percent of the Earth’s land surface is in cities and suburbs today, yet half of us live there.”

    “Agriculture is by far the biggest thing we do in the world, in terms of land area”

    Land isn’t the only natural resource being consumed in massive quantities for agriculture. Foley says about 70 percent of water withdrawals are used to irrigate crops and 90 percent of that is not returned to its original source. In the United States alone, the U.S. Geological Survey estimates 39 percent of all freshwater is used for crop irrigation, the majority of which evaporates or transpires in the fields.

    Many crop irrigation systems, particularly spray irrigation, are inefficient, says Foley. “This is an evaporation machine, not an irrigation machine…it’s only by accident that some of that water enters the soil.”

    Agriculture is also one of the largest human contributors to climate change, responsible for approximately 30 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, he says. “If you want to tackle economic sectors that contribute to climate change, you would have to start, every single time, with agriculture first.”

    Not Only a Supply Problem

    The environmental footprint of agriculture makes achieving food security a daunting challenge, but equally important are politics and poverty.

    Foley says that the estimated 850 million to 1 billion people who face food insecurity today do so not because there isn’t enough food, but because of social and political barriers to accessing or affording food, such as disenfranchisement or disempowerment. “Essentially, it’s a problem of poverty and institutions, not one of agronomy.”

    Institutional poverty, conflict, and even gender inequities are all social contributors to food insecurity.

    Changing Consumption Patterns

    “We’re certainly bumping into the limits of what our planet can comfortably do to sustain the human enterprise,” Foley says, and we have to find innovative ways to feed a growing population in a sustainable way. “Feeding the world is not optional, but neither is sustaining our planet.”

    “Essentially, it’s a problem of poverty and institutions, not one of agronomy”

    One technique Foley suggests is to increase the efficiency of agriculture. He says that even in the United States, converting plant material into animal material (e.g., feeding cows corn) yields very low returns. The conversion from grains to milk is about 40 percent, he says, which is “remarkably good.” Eggs yield about 22 percent, pork and chicken about 10, and “for every 100 calories of corn that we could eat, you’ll get about 3 on a plate of boneless beef.”

    “Eighty-seven percent of the farmland in Minnesota is growing something for non-human consumption, mainly animal feed,” Foley says. Using some of that land for direct human consumption is one way to get more for less.

    Changes in consumption patterns may necessarily have to follow. Greater demand for meat products means less plant-based foods will be available for human consumption. This is already a challenge and it’s getting even bigger as a global middle class emerges for this first time – driven by higher incomes  in China, India, and elsewhere – and demands a more Western, meat-heavy diet.

    —

    Feeding the world and sustaining the planet will not be easy, Foley says, but it is possible. “There’s a lot of reasons to be very optimistic about this problem,” he says. “There are huge economic and political obstacles, but there are no biological or physical ones.”

    “We just have to make a choice now between the world we have today and the agriculture we’ve accepted versus the one we should have in the future as we move forward.”

    Foley spoke at the Wilson Center on October 22.

    Friday podcasts are also available for download on iTunes.

    Sources: Reuters, U.S. Geological Survey World Food Program.

    Topics: agriculture, China, climate change, conflict, consumption, economics, environment, environmental security, featured, food security, Friday Podcasts, gender, India, land, natural resources, podcast, population, poverty, U.S., water
    • Russell Sticklor

      Excellent write-up of a great event.

      • http://www.pornoficator.com/ Arman XXX Wolf

        i am also like it!

    • Tim M

      Foley is absolutely right. The tradeoff between environmental and agronomical sustainability in the midst of unprecedented population growth is becoming hugely important. While it is easy to look at the problems technology has caused to our global food system (heavy fertilizer use, excessive meat consumption, overfishing, etc.), it is also worth mentioning ways in which these advancements might be able to alleviate growing food poverty and still reduce land use. One such option is genetic modification. And while this has become an extremely controversial issue, nearly all scientific research has failed to find conclusive health or environmental issues with its use. However this technology has potential to reduce pesticide use and increase crop yield/acre. In the case of golden rice, there is also potential to infuse crops with added nutrients to supplement diets of children in developing countries. In short, certain GM crops have potential to increase global food supply and nutrition on less land. I’d be interested to hear Foley’s thoughts on this controversial topic…

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