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The blog of the Wilson Center's Environmental Change and Security Program
  • Guest Contributor

    Tackling Youth Unemployment, Instability in Kenya

    October 7, 2010 By Margaret Wamuyu Muthee

    Today, Kenya’s youth unemployment rate stands at 65 percent, among the highest in the world. Three in five unemployed Kenyans are 15 – 35 years old. The situation is exacerbated by a shrinking economy, political instability, and pervasive income inequality.

    Significantly, youth are engaged in the informal sector, which is largely unregulated and subjects workers to low earnings and long hours, without any formal contract. Suffering under a slow-growing economy, youth, whether well educated or uneducated, have increasingly turned to crime and violence, serving as watu wa mkono (handymen) to the ruling elite and intimidating and harassing their political opponents.
    Violence during Kenya’s disputed 2007 elections left approximately 1,133 people dead and 650,000 displaced from their land. Many of these atrocities were committed by youth, for sums as low as $6. With the 2012 elections fast approaching, Kenya risks renewed violence if its daunting youth unemployment rate is not properly addressed.

    Against this backdrop, the Kenyan government has established the Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF) and Kazi kwa Vijana (KKV), which means “jobs for youth,” to boost employment and entrepreneurship among people 18 to 35 years old.

    Through YEDF, groups of up to 12 people can submit a business plan and apply for funding, as well as other services such as training, mentorship, and market access. The fund also connects youth with local and international job markets. KKV facilitates access to temporary, labor-intensive jobs for generally low wages, and also offers some business training.

    Given the high poverty levels among youth in Kenya, temporary jobs can help young people learn the marketable skills they need to find decent work. But it’s not a long-term solution, as these low-paying jobs can also trap people in poverty, making crime and violence seem like the only viable exit.

    Kenya would do well to learn from other countries’ efforts, where similar programs have long existed. For example, Italy’s Imprenditorialita Giovanile, or “Young Entrepreneurs’ Company,” and the UK’s Prince Trust exist solely to support young people’s start-up businesses.

    Like Kenya’s efforts, these two programs provide training and mentoring to young people. However, they also have autonomy from their respective governments, which gives them freedom to operate without political interference and burdensome bureaucracy. Services are delivered by highly competent, successful entrepreneurs, who inspire youth to become entrepreneurs, not as an alternative to joblessness, but as a genuine career path with financial reward and work satisfaction. Through these programs, youth have managed to start and sustain viable businesses, and attain financial independence and stability.

    Compared to these cases, Kenya’s KKV and YEDF fall short. Their activities overlap, and their objectives are too broad, which makes them unachievable within a reasonable timeframe.

    They are also constrained by heavy government control. The prime minister’s office oversees KKV, while the Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs manages YEDF. As a consequence, the programs are burdened by politics rather than buoyed with professionalism.

    The tendency to treat youth as a homogenous group could isolate some young people who cannot fulfill YEDF’s requirements, such as a business development plan, a registered group, or an existing bank account. The rules should be more flexible and needs-based in order to benefit some of the needy and illiterate youth who require more rigorous training and support to succeed.

    Finally, the programs’ near-sighted focus on temporary employment is but a bandage; Kenya needs long-term strategies to enable youth to access more rewarding and productive work.

    Fundamentally, the problem requires properly planned, well-structured, and broad-based programs, and so far the government seems to be tinkering at the superficial level without a long-term, comprehensive plan. Accelerating economic growth is central to creating employment opportunities for youth, as well as providing market-driven education, training, and life skills.

    In order to make a smooth transition to adulthood, young people require decent work and the ability to actively contribute to economic and political development and stability. Short of this, youth will remain at the margin of the economy, to serve as the violent watu wa mkono in 2012 and beyond.

    Margaret Wamuyu Muthee is Programs Manager for Kenya’s University of Nairobi Center for Human Rights and Peace, and is currently an Africa Program Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center.

    Photo Credit: Adapted from “Promulgation,” courtesy of flickr user ActionPixs (Maruko).
    Topics: Africa, demography, Guest Contributor, Kenya, livelihoods, population, youth
    • http://www.youthboard.or.ke/ Kenyanyouth board

      Youth that are engaged in the informal sector, which is largely unregulated end up suffering due to unfair employment terms especially without any formal contract. Unemployment rate keeps on rising then the unemployed youth that we look up to for as our future leaders will be very desperate and fall victim to exploitation due to desperation, poverty, lack of opportunities, hopelessness and economic factors such as youth market inexperience and unfair employment terms. And yes i also do agree that indeed a coin has three sides and all three sides do matter meaning that the youth may also fall victim to religious exploitation. But i do believe that if the youth get the necessary skills to make them hold the highest standards of work ethics and professionalism, this will positively impact their personal development and will be a major positive influence in their decision making as future leaders of our country and this is what we do at Kenyan youth Board. We provide to youth members effective entrepreneurship training courses and also do provide a platform for them to articulate economic issues affecting them and also give them a chance to exchange ideas on how to solve them. In the end the Kenyan youth acquires both skills and experience from the industrial attachment and job opportunities that we provide to them. Feel free to visit our website http://www.youthboard.or.ke/

      • Sophie ‘Tiro’ Katampoi

        Good job youth board! can you be accessed in other areas except Nairobi?

        • http://www.youthboard.or.ke/ Kenyanyouth board

          We are in all the counties countrywide Sophie

          • Carlos

            The site is currently unavailable

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